In what situations is freezing sperm recommended?

Sperm cryopreservation is indicated in a variety of medical and social circumstances. One of the most common indications is before starting oncological treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery that may affect fertility. According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (Trusted Source), up to 80% of young cancer patients may experience some degree of infertility after certain treatments.

Men who will undergo surgical procedures that may compromise reproductive function, such as prostate, testicular, or spine surgeries, are also candidates for this procedure. Likewise, those diagnosed with degenerative or autoimmune diseases whose treatments may affect spermatogenesis may benefit from this technique.

Freezing is also indicated for men with low sperm production or progressive deterioration of seminal quality, allowing them to preserve samples when the quality is still adequate. Those with high-risk jobs who may be exposed to toxins, radiation, or extreme conditions affecting their fertility may also consider this preventive option.

In the area of family planning, cryopreservation is an option for men who want to postpone fatherhood for personal or professional reasons. It is also an alternative for sperm donors in programs of egg donation and for couples who will undergo techniques of in vitro fertilization as a backup for any difficulty in collecting the sample on the day of the procedure.

Why is it important for cancer patients?

For cancer patients, sperm cryopreservation represents a fundamental safeguard of their future fertility. Cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause significant damage to the testicular germ cells that produce sperm. These treatments attack rapidly dividing cells, a category that includes both cancer cells and spermatogonia, or sperm precursor cells.

The magnitude of the damage depends on factors such as the type of medication used, the cumulative dose, the region radiated and the patient's age. Some chemotherapy agents such as alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, cisplatin) are especially gonadotoxic and can cause azoospermia (total absence of sperm) permanent in up to 90% of patients, according to studies published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology (Trusted Source).

The period between cancer diagnosis and the start of treatment is often brief, making it crucial to discuss fertility preservation options immediately. Current guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommend that all patients of reproductive age receive information about infertility risks and preservation options before starting cancer treatment.

Freezing sperm offers these patients the possibility of having biologically related children in the future, which can have a significant positive psychological impact during the treatment and recovery process. Studies have shown that preserving fertility can improve the quality of life and the future outlook of cancer survivors.

When is it recommended for assisted reproduction treatments?

In the context of assisted reproduction treatments, freezing sperm is recommended in a variety of situations to optimize the chances of success. A common indication is when the male partner may have difficulty providing a semen sample on the day scheduled for fertilization procedures due to performance anxiety, unavoidable work commitments, or travel.

For couples undergoing multiple cycles of fertility treatment, freezing several good-quality samples can ensure consistency in subsequent procedures. This is particularly useful when there are variability in semen quality between different ejaculates, allowing the selection of the best samples for use in in vitro fertilization techniques.

It is also recommended for men with severe oligozoospermia (very low sperm count), since it allows sperm from several ejaculates to accumulate to obtain a sufficient amount for treatment. In cases of retrograde ejaculation or difficulty ejaculating, samples obtained using special techniques can be cryopreserved for later use.

Freezing is essential in programs of donor eggs, where it is necessary to synchronize the availability of gametes. It's also a valuable option for couples going through treatment of preservation of fertility female, allowing sperm to be stored for future use when deciding to use cryopreserved eggs or embryos.

Finally, in cases where it is necessary to perform preimplantation genetic testing for embryos, having frozen sperm samples provides flexibility for optimal timing of the procedure.

What benefits does it offer to same-sex couples?

Sperm cryopreservation provides important benefits for same-sex couples, particularly for couples of women who want to start a family. This process allows these couples to access male genetic material to achieve a pregnancy through assisted reproduction techniques such as artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization.

For Women's couples, frozen sperm from an anonymous or known donor represents a viable option for conception. The cryopreservation process ensures that genetic material has been properly analyzed to rule out genetic and infectious diseases, providing peace of mind regarding biological safety.

The availability of cryopreserved sperm also makes it easier to plan for future genetically related siblings, as multiple samples from the same donor can be reserved for later use. This allows future siblings to share the same parental genetic origin if the couple so wishes.

In the case of couples of men who are seeking to have children through surrogacy, sperm freezing offers flexibility in coordinating with the pregnant woman and the egg donor, if necessary. It also allows both partners to contribute genetically to different pregnancies if they so choose, freezing samples of both partners for future procedures.

Additionally, these services have been adapted to meet the specific needs of the LGBTQ+ community, including freezing options prior to gender transition for individuals transgender and non-binary who want to preserve their fertility.

How do you help men planning a vasectomy?

Sperm cryopreservation represents a valuable preventive option for men who are considering vasectomy but want to keep the possibility of having biological children open in the future. Although vasectomy is considered technically reversible, the success rates of reversion (vasovasostomy) vary considerably depending on the time since the original procedure and other individual factors.

According to the American Urological Association (Trusted Source), vasectomy reversal success rates decrease significantly 10 years after the initial procedure, from approximately 75% during the first few years to less than 30% after a decade. In addition, even when the reversion succeeds in restoring the presence of sperm in the ejaculate, this does not guarantee fertility.

Freezing prior to vasectomy eliminates the uncertainty associated with these reversal procedures and avoids the need to undergo additional potentially costly and complex surgeries. This approach provides psychological tranquility to those men who are sure of their current decision but recognize that life circumstances can change.

The procedure is particularly recommended for young men who choose vasectomy, since they are statistically more likely to experience changes in their personal circumstances such as new relationships or the loss of children that could motivate the desire to have more offspring in the future.

Fertility clinics usually offer specific pre-vasectomy cryopreservation programs that include the analysis, processing and long-term storage of multiple samples, guaranteeing sufficient material for several attempts at conception using assisted reproduction techniques if necessary in the future.

‍

How much does freezing sperm cost in Mexico?

The cost of sperm cryopreservation in Mexico varies depending on the clinic, geographic region, and the services included in the package. On average, the initial freezing process, including medical evaluation, sample analysis and the first cryopreservation procedure, ranges from 10,000 to 20,000 Mexican pesos.

This starting price usually includes the seminal analysis complete (spermiogram), tests for infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis, sample processing with cryoprotective media, and cryopreservation itself. Some clinics charge separate fees for each of these services, while others offer comprehensive packages.

In addition to the initial cost, it's important to consider the annual storage fee, which typically ranges from 5,000 to 8,000 pesos per year. This fee covers the maintenance of optimal storage conditions, continuous monitoring of liquid nitrogen tanks and administrative management of samples.

Many fertility clinics offer discounts for long-term storage contracts, with reduced rates for periods of 3, 5, or 10 years. In the specific case of cancer patients, some institutions have special programs with reduced costs or funding to facilitate access to these services before starting cancer treatments.

It is advisable to consult directly with several clinics to compare prices and included services, since there may be additional costs for complementary procedures such as the surgical collection of sperm in cases of azoospermia or special genetic tests that are not always included in the basic packages.

Is this procedure covered by health insurance?

Health insurance coverage for sperm cryopreservation in Mexico varies significantly depending on the insurance company, the type of policy and the medical indication for the procedure. In general, coverage is limited and depends on specific circumstances.

Most private health insurance policies don't include fertility treatments or elective fertility preservation procedures within their basic coverage. However, when cryopreservation is indicated as a preventive measure before medically necessary treatments that may affect fertility, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer, some insurers may offer partial coverage.

Major medical expense policies with wide coverage These services are occasionally included, especially those designed for executives or with premium benefits. In these cases, it's essential to check the coverage limits, applicable deductibles, and whether there are specific waiting periods or exclusions related to fertility.

The public health system in Mexico, including the IMSS and the ISSSTE, generally does not cover sperm cryopreservation procedures as a standard service. However, some specialized hospitals affiliated with these institutions may offer the service at reduced costs in specific cases, particularly for cancer patients.

It is recommended that interested patients consult directly with their insurance company before starting the process, requesting in writing the specific conditions of coverage. Some fertility clinics have specialized administrative staff who can assist in managing reimbursements or prior authorizations with insurers when there is a possibility of coverage.

Are there funding programs available?

In Mexico, there are several funding options for sperm cryopreservation procedures, although they vary in availability and accessibility. Many fertility clinics offer flexible payment plans that allow you to spread the initial cost of the procedure in monthly installments without interest or with low interest, usually for periods of 3 to 12 months.

Some financial institutions have developed medical loans specific for fertility treatments that include gamete cryopreservation. These loans usually offer preferential rates and extended repayment terms compared to conventional personal loans. Banks such as Santander, BBVA and Banorte occasionally include these procedures as part of their credit lines for medical expenses.

For cancer patients, there are foundations and non-profit organizations that provide financial support for fertility preservation. Institutions such as the Mexican Association for the Fight against Cancer and some specific foundations for certain types of cancer may offer partial grants or referrals to assistance programs.

Certain university hospitals and assisted reproduction research centers occasionally include sperm cryopreservation as part of clinical research protocols, which can significantly reduce costs for patients who qualify for these programs.

International financing options may also be considered, especially for Mexicans living abroad or who have dual citizenship. Programs such as Fertile Hope in the United States offer discounts and financial assistance for fertility preservation services to cancer patients, including those who travel to receive these services.

It is advisable to consult directly with fertility clinics about the specific financing options available, as many have established alliances with financial institutions or have their own financial assistance programs.

What are the long-term costs of storage?

The long-term costs of storing cryopreserved sperm represent an important financial aspect to consider for those who choose this procedure. In Mexico, continuous storage generates recurring expenses that must be properly planned.

The annual storage fee at Mexican fertility clinics typically ranges from 5,000 to 8,000 pesos. This amount covers the maintenance of liquid nitrogen tanks, constant temperature monitoring, security and alarm systems, and administrative management of stored samples.

Most clinics offer plans for multi-year storage with significant discounts. For example, a 3-year storage contract may have a 10-15% discount on the annual cost, while 5-year plans may offer reductions of 15-25%. 10-year contracts, although less common, can represent savings of up to 30-40% compared to the annual payment.

It's important to consider that storage fees tend to increase over time due to inflation and increased operating costs. Some clinics guarantee fixed prices for the contracted period, while others include inflation adjustment clauses in their long-term contracts.

There are potential additional costs to consider, such as fees for transferring samples between clinics if the patient changes providers or moves to another city, and administrative costs for renewing or modifying contracts. Some institutions also charge a fee for the processing and preparation of samples when they are going to be used in assisted reproduction procedures.

To optimize long-term costs, it is advisable to compare the policies of different clinics regarding the possibility of storing multiple samples for a single fee or if the cost increases in proportion to the number of samples or vials stored.

What is included in the standard freezer package?

The standard sperm cryopreservation package in Mexican clinics generally includes a basic set of services, although it may vary depending on the institution. Understanding these components is essential to properly evaluate the available options.

The initial consultation with a specialist in andrology or reproductive medicine is typically part of the package. During this session, the doctor reviews the medical history, explains the procedure and responds to the patient's concerns. Advice is also provided on optimal preparation to maximize sample quality.

The complete seminal analysis or spermiogram It is a fundamental component that evaluates parameters such as volume, pH, concentration, motility, morphology and vitality of sperm. This analysis determines the quality of the sample and helps to plan appropriate processing.

Testing for infectious diseases is mandatory according to health regulations and usually includes serology for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis. These tests ensure the biological safety of the stored samples.

Sample processing includes preparation with special cryoprotective media, separation into multiple aliquots (generally between 3 and 5 vials depending on concentration and volume), and the controlled freezing process. Standard packages also include the first year of storage in liquid nitrogen tanks under continuously monitored conditions.

Legal documentation, including detailed informed consent that specifies options for the destination of samples under various circumstances, is also part of the basic service. Some clinics offer a short post-freeze report detailing the number of vials stored and sperm quality before and after cryopreservation.

Additional services that may not be included in the standard package include advanced genetic testing, special sperm collection techniques such as TESE (testicular sperm extraction), storage beyond the first year, and subsequent processing for use in assisted reproduction techniques.

‍

What is the legal framework for cryopreservation in Mexico?

The legal framework that regulates sperm cryopreservation in Mexico derives mainly from the General Health Law and its regulations, as well as from specific regulations issued by the Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks (COFEPRIS). Unlike other countries, Mexico does not have comprehensive legislation that is exclusive to assisted reproduction techniques, which results in some interpretative variability.

The Official Mexican Standard NOM-005-SSA2-1993 establishes basic requirements for family planning services, including aspects related to gamete donation. However, this standard does not specifically address all aspects of modern cryopreservation, creating gray areas in regulation.

Centers that offer cryopreservation services must have a health license and comply with technical standards for the management of biological material established by COFEPRIS. These include safety protocols, sample traceability, and quality controls to prevent cross-contamination or loss of genetic material.

A fundamental aspect is the informed consent, an essential legal document that must clearly specify the destination of the samples in different scenarios such as the death of the depositor, divorce (in the case of couples), or discontinuation of storage due to non-payment. This document is legally valid and is binding in accordance with the Federal Civil Code.

Regarding the maximum storage time, Mexican legislation does not establish specific limits, unlike other countries where maximum storage periods are regulated. This absence of time restriction theoretically allows indefinite storage, provided that the corresponding payments and legal documentation are kept up to date.

The regulation on the use of cryopreserved gametes after the death of the donor (posthumous reproduction) remains ambiguous in the Mexican legal framework. Some centers require an explicit statement of informed consent authorizing or prohibiting this specific use, although the legal enforceability of these provisions may vary depending on state jurisdiction.

It is important to note that the regulatory framework may differ slightly between states of the Mexican Republic, since certain entities have developed complementary local legislation on assisted reproduction. Fertility clinics often have specialized legal counsel to navigate this complex regulatory environment and ensure compliance with all applicable provisions.

What rights does the depositor have over their samples?

The depositor of cryopreserved sperm in Mexico maintains specific rights to their samples, protected both by health legislation and by general principles of civil law. The fundamental principle is that genetic material remains under the exclusive ownership and control of the depositor as long as the contractual relationship with the storage clinic is maintained.

The primary right is that of self-determination about the destination of the samples. The depositor can request at any time the use of their cryopreserved sperm in assisted reproduction procedures, its transfer to another institution, or even its destruction. Any use of the samples requires the explicit and documented consent of the depositor.

Confidentiality and privacy are protected by the Federal Act on the Protection of Personal Data Held by Individuals. Clinics cannot disclose information about the existence of stored samples or their characteristics without the express authorization of the depositor, except for formal judicial requests.

The depositor has the right to modify their instructions regarding the destination of the samples by updating the informed consent. This includes changes to the provisions for cases of death, disability or the end of the storage period. Clinics are required to facilitate these document updating processes.

There is also the right to receive periodic information on the state of conservation of the samples and any relevant incidents during storage. Best practices include the issuance of annual reports confirming the proper maintenance of cryopreservation conditions.

It is important to note that these rights may be limited by specific contractual agreements, particularly those related to non-payment for storage services. Contracts typically establish notification procedures and grace periods before the clinic can exercise its right to dispose of abandoned samples.

Are there restrictions on who can access this service?

In Mexico, access to sperm cryopreservation services is subject to certain restrictions, although they are generally less limiting than in other countries. The current regulatory framework allows relatively wide access, but with specific considerations.

The fundamental requirement is Coming of age legal (18 years old). Fertility clinics require official identification to prove this condition, as minors cannot provide valid consent for these procedures. In exceptional cases such as adolescents diagnosed with cancer, cryopreservation may be considered with the consent of parents or legal guardians and appropriate psychological evaluation.

There are no explicit legal restrictions based on marital status or sexual orientation. Both single and married men, as well as people of any sexual orientation, can access these services. However, some private clinics may establish more restrictive internal policies based on their own ethical or religious criteria.

For patients with certain infectious medical conditions such as HIV or hepatitis B/C, many clinics implement special management and separate storage protocols to prevent cross-contamination. These conditions are usually not a reason for rejection, but they require additional measures that may increase costs.

The most significant restrictions are often economic because of associated costs and limited health insurance coverage. This creates an access barrier for people with lower economic resources, especially when cryopreservation is not linked to medical conditions such as cancer.

In the case of sperm donors for assisted reproduction programs, there are additional criteria related to genetic health, family medical history and seminal quality. These selection criteria are stricter and are aimed at ensuring the safety and efficacy of donations for heterologous use.

It is important to verify the specific policies of each institution, since the general legal framework allows for some discretion in establishing admission criteria, as long as they do not constitute discrimination under Mexican federal laws.

‍

What risks does the freezing procedure entail?

The sperm cryopreservation procedure is generally safe, but like any medical process, it involves certain risks and limitations that must be considered. Most of these risks are related to sperm viability and functionality after thawing, rather than to adverse effects for the patient.

The main technical risk is the loss of sperm viability during the freeze-thaw process. Even with the most advanced techniques, it is normal that between 20% and 50% of sperm do not survive the process. This is due to cell damage caused by the formation of intracellular ice crystals and osmotic stress during temperature changes.

There is also a risk of damage to sperm genetic material (DNA), which may not be evident in standard viability evaluations. Some studies have detected greater DNA fragmentation in thawed sperm, although the clinical relevance of this remains under investigation. Modern cryopreservation techniques include antioxidants and other compounds in cryoprotective media to minimize this damage.

A rare but significant risk is cross-contamination between samples stored in the same liquid nitrogen tank. Clinics implement strict safety protocols with double containment systems and gas phase storage to reduce this risk.

There are also logistical risks such as failures in storage equipment or interruptions in the supply of liquid nitrogen. Quality clinics have redundant continuous monitoring systems, alarms, emergency electrical generators and immediate response protocols to mitigate these contingencies.

For patients with certain conditions such as obstructive azoospermia that require surgical sperm collection techniques (TESE, MESA), there are additional risks associated with these procedures, including pain, inflammation, infection, or testicular hematoma.

It is important to note that these risks are generally manageable and that most patients manage to preserve sufficient functional sperm for future assisted reproduction treatments, especially when multiple samples are stored.

How do you ensure the safety of stored samples?

Fertility clinics implement multiple safety systems to ensure the integrity of samples cryopreserved for extended periods. These systems combine advanced technology, strict protocols and specialized human resources.

The basic infrastructure includes high-quality cryogenic tanks with vacuum insulation which maintain constant temperatures of -196°C. These tanks are designed to conserve liquid nitrogen for extended periods, even without refilling, providing a margin of safety in the event of supply interruptions.

Continuous temperature monitoring systems use digital sensors connected to computer platforms that record data around the clock. Any significant fluctuation triggers automatic alerts sent simultaneously to multiple staff members using phone calls, text messages and emails.

Clinics maintain energy backup systems that include emergency generators capable of keeping all critical systems operational during extended periods of electrical interruption. Redundancy is a fundamental principle; many institutions keep duplicates of samples in different tanks or even in different physical locations.

To prevent cross-contamination, high-security hermetic sealing techniques and gaseous storage of nitrogen instead of direct immersion are used. Management protocols include the use of sterile equipment and specific procedures for each sample manipulation.

Access control to storage areas is strictly limited by biometric systems or security cards. All manipulations are recorded in traceability systems that document who accessed what sample, when and for what purpose.

Safety protocols also include detailed contingency plans for various scenarios such as natural disasters, technical failures or emergencies. Staff receive regular training on these protocols and participate in regular drills.

International certifications such as ISO 9001 for quality management or those specific to assisted reproduction laboratories provide frames of reference for these safety systems and guarantee their periodic evaluation by external auditors.

What quality measures are applied in laboratories?

Andrology and cryopreservation laboratories apply rigorous quality measures to ensure the efficacy and safety of their procedures. These standards are essential to maintain the viability of samples in the long term and maximize the chances of success in future assisted reproduction treatments.

El environmental control is paramount in these laboratories. Strictly controlled temperature, humidity and air quality conditions are maintained through specialized HVAC systems with HEPA filters that remove particles and volatile compounds potentially harmful to gametes. Environmental parameters are continuously monitored and documented as part of the quality management system.

Traceability is a fundamental principle implemented through unique identification systems for each sample. Barcodes, special cryogenic labels and dedicated computer systems are used to document each manipulation from reception to final use or disposal of the sample, minimizing the risk of identification errors.

Laboratories implement internal quality control programs that include periodic equipment checks, validation of culture media and cryoprotectors, and performance tests with control samples. In addition, they participate in external quality control programs that allow their results to be compared with other reference laboratories.

Technical personnel must have specific certifications in assisted reproduction techniques and cryopreservation. Continuing training is mandatory to keep up to date on technological advances and best practices. Many laboratories require that their senior embryologists have international certifications such as that granted by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE).

The operating protocols are standardized and documented in detail with step-by-step instructions for each procedure. These protocols are regularly reviewed and updated in accordance with the most recent scientific evidence. Any deviations must be documented and analyzed as part of the continuous improvement process.

The validation of equipment and processes is carried out rigorously before their routine implementation. This includes extensive operational tests under various conditions and verification of results. Critical equipment such as programmable freezers, storage tanks and microscopes undergo regular preventive maintenance according to manufacturer specifications.

Many laboratories seek specific accreditations, such as those granted by the American College of Pathologists (CAP) or the Joint Commission International (JCI), which establish specific standards for assisted reproduction laboratories.

Are there risks for future babies conceived with frozen sperm?

Scientific evidence accumulated over more than four decades of using cryopreserved sperm in assisted reproduction indicates that there are no significant additional risks for babies conceived using this technique compared to natural conception or with fresh sperm.

Multiple long-term follow-up studies of children conceived with cryopreserved sperm have not identified statistically significant differences on rates of congenital malformations, cognitive development or health problems compared to control groups. According to data published by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE, Trusted Source), the indices of chromosomal anomalies and birth defects remain within normal population ranges.

A theoretical concern has been the potential damage to genetic material during the freeze-thaw process. However, more recent studies using advanced sperm DNA integrity analysis techniques have demonstrated that, although there may be some increase in DNA fragmentation, natural selection mechanisms during fertilization and early embryonic stages tend to favor sperm without significant genetic damage.

Modern cryopreservation techniques use optimized cryoprotectors and controlled freezing protocols that minimize cell damage. Additionally, when cryopreserved sperm is used in assisted reproduction procedures, sperm selection techniques are used to identify and select sperm with better motility and morphology parameters, which are correlated with greater genetic integrity.

It is important to note that any potential risks associated with cryopreservation must be considered in the context of the benefits it offers, particularly for cancer patients who may otherwise completely lose their reproductive capacity. The current scientific consensus, backed by organizations such as the American Association for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM, Trusted Source), is that sperm cryopreservation is a safe procedure for both the patient and potential offspring.

How is donor privacy protected?

Protecting the privacy of sperm depositors is a fundamental aspect of cryopreservation services, implemented through multiple technical, administrative and legal measures that guarantee the confidentiality of sensitive information.

The Mexican legal framework, particularly the Federal Law on the Protection of Personal Data Held by Individuals, requires fertility clinics to implement robust measures to safeguard personal information. This is complemented by specific provisions of the General Health Act on confidentiality in medical services.

The principle of medical confidentiality is rigorously applied to all aspects of the process. Clinical and administrative staff sign confidentiality agreements with significant penalties for non-compliance. Access to information is restricted according to the principle of “need to know”, limiting which personnel can access certain data according to their specific responsibilities.

Computer systems that manage patient information implement advanced cybersecurity measures such as data encryption, multi-factor authentication and detailed access logging. Regular computer security audits identify and correct potential vulnerabilities.

For the physical storage of samples, coding systems are used that separate patient identification information from storage containers. Tanks, straws or vials are labeled with alphanumeric codes or bar codes that can only be linked to the patient's identity through authorized access to secure databases.

Physical documentation is kept in restricted access files, often under lock and key or in areas with access control. Secure document destruction policies ensure that obsolete information is disposed of in a way that prevents retrieval.

Service contracts include specific clauses on confidentiality and management of personal data, detailing the limited circumstances in which the information could be disclosed (such as formal judicial requests or medical emergencies) and the procedures for requesting and documenting consent for any use of the information outside the original purpose.

In the specific case of anonymous donors for heterologous reproduction programs, additional protocols are implemented to maintain the separation between the identity of the donor and the recipients, following specific regulations that regulate these programs.

References

1. World Health Organization. (2024). Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen (6th ed.). WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787 Trusted Source.
2. American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2023). Fertility Preservation in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 41 (8), 1594-1608. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.02171 Trusted Source.
3. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. (2024). Revised guidelines for good practice in IVF laboratories. Human Reproduction, 39 (2), 286-301. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deac285 Trusted Source.

‍